Modern Architecture Since 1900 Pdf Download.zip

Modern Architecture Since 1900 Pdf Download.zip

LINK - https://urllie.com/2t4Ma8

Modern architecture, or modernist architecture, was an architectural movement or architectural style based upon new and innovative technologies of construction, particularly the use of glass, steel, and reinforced concrete; the idea that form should follow function (functionalism); an embrace of minimalism; and a rejection of ornament.[1] It emerged in the first half of the 20th century and became dominant after World War II until the 1980s, when it was gradually replaced as the principal style for institutional and corporate buildings by postmodern architecture.[2]

After the first World War, a prolonged struggle began between architects who favored the more traditional styles of neo-classicism and the Beaux-Arts architecture style, and the modernists, led by Le Corbusier and Robert Mallet-Stevens in France, Walter Gropius and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe in Germany, and Konstantin Melnikov in the new Soviet Union, who wanted only pure forms and the elimination of any decoration. Louis Sullivan popularized the axiom Form follows function to emphasize the importance of utilitarian simplicity in modern architecture. Art Deco architects such as Auguste Perret and Henri Sauvage often made a compromise between the two, combining modernist forms and stylized decoration.

The dominant figure in the rise of modernism in France was Charles-Édouard Jeanerette, a Swiss-French architect who in 1920 took the name Le Corbusier. In 1920 he co-founded a journal called 'L'Espirit Nouveau and energetically promoted architecture that was functional, pure, and free of any decoration or historical associations. He was also a passionate advocate of a new urbanism, based on planned cities. In 1922 he presented a design of a city for three million people, whose inhabitants lived in identical sixty-story tall skyscrapers surrounded by open parkland. He designed modular houses, which would be mass-produced on the same plan and assembled into apartment blocks, neighborhoods, and cities. In 1923 he published "Toward an Architecture", with his famous slogan, "a house is a machine for living in."[24] He tirelessly promoted his ideas through slogans, articles, books, conferences, and participation in Expositions.

Gropius became an important theorist of modernism, writing The Idea and Construction in 1923. He was an advocate of standardization in architecture, and the mass construction of rationally designed apartment blocks for factory workers. In 1928 he was commissioned by the Siemens company to build apartment for workers in the suburbs of Berlin, and in 1929 he proposed the construction of clusters of slender eight- to ten-story high-rise apartment towers for workers.

While Gropius was active at the Bauhaus, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe led the modernist architectural movement in Berlin. Inspired by the De Stijl movement in the Netherlands, he built clusters of concrete summer houses and proposed a project for a glass office tower. He became the vice president of the German Werkbund, and became the head of the Bauhaus from 1930 to 1933. proposing a wide variety of modernist plans for urban reconstruction. His most famous modernist work was the German pavilion for the 1929 international exposition in Barcelona. It was a work of pure modernism, with glass and concrete walls and clean, horizontal lines. Though it was only a temporary structure, and was torn down in 1930, it became, along with Le Corbusier's Villa Savoye, one of the best-known landmarks of modernist architecture. A reconstructed version now stands on the original site in Barcelona.[26]

The beginning of the Great Depression in 1929 brought an end to lavishly decorated Art Deco architecture and a temporary halt to the construction of new skyscrapers. It also brought in a new style, called "Streamline Moderne" or sometimes just Streamline. This style, sometimes modeled after for the form of ocean liners, featured rounded corners, strong horizontal lines, and often nautical features, such as superstructures and steel railings. It was associated with modernity and especially with transportation; the style was often used for new airport terminals, train and bus stations, and for gas stations and diners built along the growing American highway system. In the 1930s the style was used not only in buildings, but in railroad locomotives, and even refrigerators and vacuum cleaners. It both borrowed from industrial design and influenced it.[39]

The Austrian architect Rudolph Schindler designed what could be called the first house in the modern style in 1922, the Schindler house. Schindler also contributed to American modernism with his design for the Lovell Beach House in Newport Beach. The Austrian architect Richard Neutra moved to the United States in 1923, worked for a short time with Frank Lloyd Wright, also quickly became a force in American architecture through his modernist design for the same client, the Lovell Health House in Los Angeles. Neutra's most notable architectural work was the Kaufmann Desert House in 1946, and he designed hundreds of further projects.[42]

The rise of nationalism in the 1930s was reflected in the Fascist architecture of Italy, and Nazi architecture of Germany, based on classical styles and designed to express power and grandeur. The Nazi architecture, much of it designed by Albert Speer, was intended to awe the spectators by its huge scale. Adolf Hitler intended to turn Berlin into the capital of Europe, grander than Rome or Paris. The Nazis closed the Bauhaus, and the most prominent modern architects soon departed for Britain or the United States. In Italy, Benito Mussolini wished to present himself as the heir to the glory and empire of ancient Rome.[44] Mussolini's government was not as hostile to modernism as The Nazis; the spirit of Italian Rationalism of the 1920s continued, with the work of architect Giuseppe Terragni. His Casa del Fascio in Como, headquarters of the local Fascist party, was a perfectly modernist building, with geometric proportions (33.2 meters long by 16.6 meters high), a clean façade of marble, and a Renaissance-inspired interior courtyard. Opposed to Terragni was Marcello Piacitini, a proponent of monumental fascist architecture, who rebuilt the University of Rome, and designed the Italian pavilion at the 1937 Paris Exposition, and planned a grand reconstruction of Rome on the fascist model.[45]

The 1939 New York World's Fair marked a turning point in architecture between Art Deco and modern architecture. The theme of the Fair was the World of Tomorrow, and its symbols were the purely geometric trylon and periphery sculpture. It had many monuments to Art Deco, such as the Ford Pavilion in the Streamline Moderne style, but also included the new International Style that would replace Art Deco as the dominant style after the War. The Pavilions of Finland, by Alvar Aalto, of Sweden by Sven Markelius, and of Brazil by Oscar Niemeyer and Lucio Costa, looked forward to a new style. They became leaders in the postwar modernist movement.[46]

The unprecedented destruction caused by the war was another factor in the rise of modern architecture. Large parts of major cities, from Berlin, Tokyo, and Dresden to Rotterdam and east London; all the port cities of France, particularly Le Havre, Brest, Marseille, Cherbourg had been destroyed by bombing. In the United States, little civilian construction had been done since the 1920s; housing was needed for millions of American soldiers returning from the war. The postwar housing shortages in Europe and the United States led to the design and construction of enormous government-financed housing projects, usually in run-down center of American cities, and in the suburbs of Paris and other European cities, where land was available,

The International Style of architecture had appeared in Europe, particularly in the Bauhaus movement, in the late 1920s. In 1932 it was recognized and given a name at an Exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City organized by architect Philip Johnson and architectural critic Henry-Russell Hitchcock, Between 1937 and 1941, following the rise Hitler and the Nazis in Germany, most of the leaders of the German Bauhaus movement found a new home in the United States, and played an important part in the development of American modern architecture.

In 1955, employed by the architectural firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM), he began working in Chicago. He was made a partner in 1966. He worked the rest of his life side by side with Architect Bruce Graham.[73] Khan introduced design methods and concepts for efficient use of material in building architecture. His first building to employ the tube structure was the Chestnut De-Witt apartment building.[74] During the 1960s and 1970s, he became noted for his designs for Chicago's 100-story John Hancock Center, which was the first building to use the trussed-tube design, and 110-story Sears Tower, since renamed Willis Tower, the tallest building in the world from 1973 until 1998, which was the first building to use the framed-tube design.

In Finland, the most influential architect was Alvar Aalto, who adapted his version of modernism to the Nordic landscape, light, and materials, particularly the use of wood. After World War II, he taught architecture in the United States. In Denmark, Arne Jacobsen was the best-known of the modernists, who designed furniture as well as carefully proportioned buildings.

In India, modernist architecture was promoted by the postcolonial state under Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, most notably by inviting Le Corbusier to design the city of Chandigarh. Important Indian modernist architects include BV Doshi, Charles Correa, Raj Rewal, Achyut Kanvinde, and Habib Rahman.[citation needed] Much discussion around modernist architecture took place in the journal MARG.[citation needed] In Sri Lanka, Geoffrey Bawa pioneered tropical modernism.[citation needed] Minnette De Silva was an important Sri Lankan modernist architect.[citation needed] 2b1af7f3a8

https://sway.office.com/4pIz5JlJDEC3jWIs

https://sway.office.com/98OCXzRQ7EVIM1F6

https://sway.office.com/uPaQD29Wo8Nglc6F

https://sway.office.com/96Ns5HGbbSX1TWGW

https://sway.office.com/8M1L64O2PPXQGjkO

https://sway.office.com/gwLDD6Hrhy4sKvFf

https://sway.office.com/yYpsPAL8tWy0DJ2f

https://sway.office.com/ML2RjHhcOWCfWujy

https://sway.office.com/SbJFMww1fIkHPfQ9

https://sway.office.com/fUGXt3bdPvpH2myr

https://sway.office.com/z6moIY5w6eLBvEhX

https://sway.office.com/U4hO8NGG7wEgTr10

https://sway.office.com/ktk7YJ9WeajG7rEA

https://sway.office.com/CKstQgsgCAo7CpD4

https://sway.office.com/r8A92mZzylzrlyqm

https://sway.office.com/0qLY6VyEMs94TTxT

https://sway.office.com/gnKr64w5aYxH8MFj

https://sway.office.com/xAUAdtfCg4c17X2d

https://sway.office.com/LC5Yn3uTWzpGJgrw

https://sway.office.com/K2amdRlNViJJ6U9R

https://sway.office.com/JG3GbtspBtR2hmNZ

https://sway.office.com/p4gme8BFzzCxz0oo

https://sway.office.com/n1KKh1YsVEzrCk3X

https://sway.office.com/FhcGNFY2f6QTiC55

https://sway.office.com/MnF3Fm3ewuP4F1sK

https://sway.office.com/hxzGw6harBOFzGUy

https://sway.office.com/WToE0n6k5FQ63FIW

https://sway.office.com/vENJJTPF0BE6SfKo

https://sway.office.com/AaW3t9Xt7Pajjbop

https://sway.office.com/JyHFEfuoXWzCPqnP

https://sway.office.com/G3W8UFfoEKEBsXeM

https://sway.office.com/6WNhhFOowVKkvUIg

https://sway.office.com/JyL3GCuaimBxkFbz

https://sway.office.com/rBSQMAEql3o8FPxO

https://sway.office.com/EiDCDrEmwWfdIBPA

https://sway.office.com/dJ9vCK9ARvi3lB7o

https://sway.office.com/fQFlVrxca8HcTY0W

https://sway.office.com/Gg8CIHknJyNJRGu2

https://sway.office.com/jUlFvxS5cBhFdrnX

https://sway.office.com/xn6r67f3wRJOg5OE

https://sway.office.com/H3ynfVXqx1gQ5FZw

https://sway.office.com/K3GxOzeBEpmb8tW6

https://sway.office.com/45wVFy3I6zbVZEEQ

https://sway.office.com/DFnyGotKxzuS932R

https://sway.office.com/mNyfC5bcLUYygDlj

https://sway.office.com/4OnCyWD1LbAF85lB

https://sway.office.com/wkUnvmI2s7OgQtBW

https://sway.office.com/jh06DYXCp0rn22pI

https://sway.office.com/eM4bv2VwwxIPKSFa

https://sway.office.com/lq0vUgzUWRvG83Bz

https://sway.office.com/dWTs8Grau8tIfALe

https://sway.office.com/r61yyXJdvhFRblGe

https://sway.office.com/FXNSn0jWiU7zRVqM

https://sway.office.com/GjhshpjXeGtV2cTH

https://sway.office.com/GeHjlFNxeHErl43C

https://sway.office.com/gbBlx2t5R2VHtmVt

https://sway.office.com/wtuFPtakfu8Icxuj

https://sway.office.com/AnHg6avJ5cc2f0Fo

https://sway.office.com/SEBMVnBKjleZnKCz

https://sway.office.com/ZdcydqvCvM1QO0iT

https://sway.office.com/fgGzxCJd9GCeE881

https://sway.office.com/nrzJ6Q61jEYdmfKg

https://sway.office.com/Q9pCSALq5kZDDws9

https://sway.office.com/uGKtsOqF2NO1zD1y

https://sway.office.com/bftGt8zP7fnWQnAy

https://sway.office.com/XfqnnFuxlzg41AhT

https://sway.office.com/le7TZYPkoexCz9VC

https://sway.office.com/rrSIAAJceEGER7kt

https://sway.office.com/FEypFrHNLqRXwtYx

https://sway.office.com/1jtiev5X98hpsmJ0

https://sway.office.com/QBbDBXRkdU5CNxut

https://sway.office.com/nKdZr5HGpqaKahQh

https://sway.office.com/UjmHCweCRsQMqJBo

https://sway.office.com/pgOolfdbRM2WzgqU

https://sway.office.com/xhQPyTes6vDDQyNe

https://sway.office.com/MZuMFZwws6rImeo6

https://sway.office.com/7s3d26igoo3nvNcM

https://sway.office.com/J6BvefphLGJWMa9K

https://sway.office.com/U92cJNPCjBqg9HVs

https://sway.office.com/FADC2F0zTVsAHBh5

https://sway.office.com/1XqREEISYqbG581U

https://sway.office.com/q5LYUOGPArXE1jaC

https://sway.office.com/sEo7nHZ1NF3x0dKn

https://sway.office.com/3DWvMIta89l6DCsC

https://sway.office.com/XScIpHyk2EkAMutM

https://sway.office.com/tx0UOvky3cGHpyop

https://sway.office.com/z0VfShjXuUa5SVPe

https://sway.office.com/zd8tEJizvXTcEeYq

https://sway.office.com/0S1D6NUoYb4umvnl

https://sway.office.com/QfqGnGVlyyrSduMW

https://sway.office.com/DJU0Q80QupFnXtyd

https://sway.office.com/YpfRah2F4FbefCYC

https://sway.office.com/9rFWSWnMZvPqxgVt

https://sway.office.com/bJtBPO1jatkyFabQ

https://sway.office.com/HPMGasy1Wa18c0Hj

https://sway.office.com/b3WQBPC6AeKrUdrP

https://sway.office.com/25jC3w6RICCsLciy

https://sway.office.com/p9TJrrwdekVVT8oG

https://sway.office.com/FAD536kUEJu7MKGt

https://sway.office.com/xPTqlpA7ppDCuemn

https://sway.office.com/adBAwbqO5x0cG6F3

https://sway.office.com/9syO063zTXGBaVPd

https://sway.office.com/tEowJc5WDPFTTVek

https://sway.office.com/5H3XWG0o8Xr4UdxJ

https://sway.office.com/5O504H72es0h4DqR

https://sway.office.com/P4RAUCKi4I7lh0iB

https://sway.office.com/V3ZzFouIuQkIi1EF

https://sway.office.com/k8LNSMQavPfRuiTc

https://sway.office.com/Ltq8ZorINMN6wxQB

https://sway.office.com/hhJ5R4KnRc9zNjoG

https://sway.office.com/rrewW0P9FEEEpxyB

https://sway.office.com/GQMMR685m9uK4GWD

https://sway.office.com/bYYY3wyvQ3tgzbzu

https://sway.office.com/HvkvnTH09vb7wxI8

https://sway.office.com/CHFrvrV3wcgPEcGU

https://sway.office.com/epvD6tp4zEnIbG96

https://sway.office.com/DnbDjKszD2uwtIgq

https://sway.office.com/dTneeOPR4naYQ40X

https://sway.office.com/L7Af9YUHIynjAnjo

https://sway.office.com/eLQDPGj40gHKlAw0

https://sway.office.com/T5KW9pkPIzLi1Iqd

https://sway.office.com/OusCcw11o5eklyuM

https://sway.office.com/NGeheOuZqfKYY9ZR

https://sway.office.com/l6siI69dwtKYyM0N

https://sway.office.com/f9Gy2siknLkJ0jcf

https://sway.office.com/P0qPMeFG5sC1fyWJ

https://sway.office.com/9Lxl7QOlfCMjyzIF

https://sway.office.com/wbRCU69jt1xEtPV9

https://sway.office.com/apqRrU26XofhRekW

https://sway.office.com/YDLwHjHJWVJOz8t8

https://sway.office.com/flicA1xpVtEpmTFe

https://sway.office.com/yFssrNRXLFqTk9TS

https://sway.office.com/0Q5nmO6r3EYWLlJr

https://sway.office.com/PnH9IFGzdCGuQHmM

https://sway.office.com/3KrW6JzGQmQwhL40

https://sway.office.com/PSxqXLADAuDC2Qlk

https://sway.office.com/75NMSmmnvk6SaBxL